Dollars versus the euro will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time essay

Dollars versus the euro will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time essay Dollars versus the euro: will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time? essay Dollars versus the euro: will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time? essayThere are several advantages of the U.S. having its own currency as compared to the European countries using the Euro: a) the American economy can better respond to crisis situations and financial shocks because the country has a unified monetary policy, unlike the Eurozone; b) there is a greater flexibility of workforce, investments and greater cultural commonality between the states compared to the European countries; c) the instruments of monetary and fiscal policy in the United States are used quicker and in a more efficient way than the assistance provided by the Eurozone to failing economies, and d) the United States is more financially, politically and economically integral than the Eurozone.Given the current strength of the U.S. dollar, the U.S. government is likely to continue lending large amounts of money at low interest rates for at least a year; after that time, interest rates will grad ually increase and the volumes of borrowing will start declining. The current position of the Fed to keep the interest rates low allows to expect at least 6 months of active borrowing. However, the notable improvement of economic growth expected in 2015 and soaring budget deficits in the United States urge the Fed to start increasing interest rates eventually (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014), so it is likely that in 2016 interest rates will slowly go up.Current dominant position of the dollar at the international market compared to the euros position is conditioned by several factors. First of all, the currency is one of the instruments of monetary policy, which, along with fiscal policy, is used for responding to business cycle changes in Keynesian model (Jaffe, 2011). The United States currently uses expansionary monetary policy in order to stimulate the economy, to attract investors and to encourage spending (Jaffe, 2011). At the same time, the Eurozone is not so consolidated in fisca l sense as the United States (Groux, Rady Maniam, 2011). While all countries in the Eurozone have the same currency, their monetary and fiscal policies are different, and the framework for making monetary decisions is still emerging in the Eurozone (Rose Dickens, 2012). Therefore, while the United States can quickly respond to crises using a sound combination of monetary and fiscal measures, the ability of European countries to use monetary measures is limited since they cannot control the currency as the United States does (Rose Dickens, 2012).Secondly, the leading position of the dollar in the role of the worlds currency is explained by greater attractiveness and openness of the U.S. economy compared to the Eurozone. The GDP of the United States grows significantly faster than GDP of the Eurozone 3.9% and 0.2% of GDP growth accordingly in the first quarter of 2014 (Trading Economics, 2014). The economy of the United States is decently recovering from the consequences of the 20 08 financial crisis, while the recovery in the Eurozone is quite slow. These processes are explained by notable economic, political and financial diversity witnessed in the Eurozone. Different countries have varying economic priorities, different (and often conflicting) political interests, diverse approaches to governmental regulation of the economy.Furthermore, economic health of the Eurozone members is also quite varied; for example, the economies of Germany, France and Finland demonstrate strength for a long-term period, while the economies of Greece, Portugal, Slovenia are weak and require additional support (Groux, Rady Maniam, 2011). Contrastingly, the United States is more unified, both in terms of political regulation and in terms of financial soundness. American states share a common culture, common economic system, similar monetary and fiscal measures, and there are no such gaps between the financial viability of the U.S. states as there are between the countries of the Eurozone.Thirdly, the research of Groux, Rady and Maniam (2011) shows that dollar as currency is advantageous because of high workforce mobility and reduced possibility of asymmetric financial shocks in the United States. For example, if some events damage the financial viability of one state, the workforce from this state will move to financially stronger states and the balance of labor supply and demand will be preserved. Furthermore, the interests of Eurozone countries are different and in case of an asymmetric shock the government of the affected country will likely act to support own country instead of benefiting the Eurozone as a whole. In the United States, such situation would be resolved at the federal level to achieve optimal outcomes for the whole country (Groux, Rady Maniam, 2011).Finally, the mechanisms of addressing financial shocks and crises in the United States are more efficient and more balanced compared to the Eurozone frameworks. The decisions related to provid ing financial assistance or easing monetary policy are done at the ECB level and require a lot of time and effort for implementation. These procedures in the United States are easier because of low political and economic dispersion in the country. For example, there are federal programs of unemployment assistance, Medicaid and assistance to local businesses in difficult economic situations (Rose Dickens, 2012). In the Eurozone, the countries can also receive external assistance but the major load is on the internal budgets. In addition, economic issues and incorrect policies in the neighboring countries might aggravate economic shocks and slow down the rate of financial recovery (Rose Dickens, 2012).Regarding the interest rates, the tendencies indicate that the Fed will eventually start increasing interest rates, but currently it is reluctant to do that quickly. On one hand, the economy of the United States is experiencing debt drain due to increased borrowing and spending (Jaffe, 2011). The reliance on expansionary policy was reasonable as it allowed the United States to stimulate the processes of economic recovery and financial revival; at the same time, long-term interest rates in the country are kept at the record low level of 0.25% for 6 years already, and it is essential to raise interest rates in the future in order to avoid debt drain and to reduce budget deficits (Jaffe, 2011). This increase of interest rates is also important since the rates currently are at the record low level and if there emerges a need to use monetary easing, this instrument   be used for reviving the economy during recession and/or shocks. Therefore, when the economic growth becomes stronger, it would be necessary to increase interest rates.The Fed’s decision in September 2014 was to keep interest rates at the low level for some more time; however, the Fed also announced a $10 billion cut of mortgage and Treasury bond purchases, anticipating that the economy will grow stronger in 2015 (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014). Such signals as the highest rate of job openings in the United States, anticipated GDP growth of 3.3% in 2015 (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014), strong dollar and leading position of the United States in the international market indicate that the Fed might start the policy of increasing interest rates and cutting spending in the near future (1-2 years).Furthermore, the Fed announced that its short-term borrowing rate will increase to 1.38% in 2015 from 1.13% in 2014 (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014). Hence, it is reasonable to assume that current borrowing rates will remain low for 6 months-1 year, and after that time the Fed will gradually reduce spending and raise interest rates to address the issue of potential debt drain and to decrease budget deficit in the United States.

Characters Migrate Essays

Characters Migrate Essays Characters Migrate Essay Characters Migrate Essay The epigraph to Mister Pip characters migrate relates to both the protagonist Pip in Great Expectations and Mantilla In Mister PIP. Throughout both novels these characters migrate physically from place to place, which Initiates a cognitive migration in their values and attitudes. This migration presents the themes of family, honesty, hard work, imagination and religion to the reader. At the start of Great Expectations Pip is a simple country boy of seven years, content with his status and future who knows no way of life other than his own. This changes hen PIP vaults Sati House for the first time and meets Estella who snubs him because of his working class ways. This physical migration to Sati House causes PIP to undergo a cognitive migration. When he returns home that day he thinks: I wished Joe had been more genteelly brought up and then I should have been too. Pip now longs to have a higher status and to be a gentleman. These first migrations position the reader to endorse the value of self-improvement and wish, along with Pip, for him to become a gentleman and win Estella. Eventually Pips wishes come true when he least expects it. My dream was out, my lid fancy was surpassed by a sober reality. With his migration to London imminent Pip begins another cognitive migration, becoming proud, arrogant and condescending, even towards Joe and Biddy. Before leaving for London he says to Biddy Joe is a good dear fellow-but he is rather backward in some things, for instance Biddy, In his learning and his manners. Here Pip a cts superior and judgmental of Joe, someone who he used to admire and emulate. This signals the migration of his values, from the ones Joe brought him up with, family, honesty and hard work, to the values of pride arrogance and status. Pips physical migration to London to begin his career as a gentleman further develops his arrogance and he also becomes very extravagant and materialistic. l soon contracted expensive habits and began to spend an amount of money that within a few short months I should have thought almost fabulous. During this stage in Pips migration we are positioned to reject the values of materialism, arrogance and extravagance through the older Pips narration, which condemns his excessive spending, and his treatment and attitude towards Joe. When PIPs mysterious benefactor Is revealed to be the convict Magnetic, Pip Is militate that his fortune came from someone so far beneath him and wants nothing to do with his patron. The abhorrence in which I held the man, the dread I had of him, the repugnance with which I shrank from him could not have been exceeded if he had been some terrible beast. Pips judgment of Magnetic reflects his values at this point: status, appearance and materialism. Pip doesnt recognize all the good qualities in Magnetic and the sacrifices he has made for him. It Is only a serves AT untenanted events Ana Pensacola amalgamations Tanat launch PIPs an cognitive migration. This includes his heartbreak, when Estella decides to marry Bentley Drummed and all the expectations, hope and dreams he has cherished since childhood are destroyed. This rejection makes him begin to realism that despite attaining wealth and class, he has not attained Estella and that his social improvement is unrelated to his real worth. When Pip visits Miss Having and she offers him money, Pip refuses it and instead insists the money to go to Herbert. This event shows that, at heart Pip is beginning to place kindness before his other unrealistic values. Following Pip and Mastitiss failed escape, Magnetic is sent to Jail. Pip visits him every day, holds his hand during the trial, and sits with him until his death. For now my repugnance to him had all melted away and in the hunted, wounded, shackled creature who held my hand in his, I saw only a man who had felt affectionately, gratefully and generously toward me with great constancy through a series of years. Pips behavior during these times shows his new feelings towards Magnetic, who he has now recognized as his second father. Pip no longer cares about social class; he only sees how good Magnetic has been to him and realizes from this how bad he has been to Joe. His morals have migrated and he knows that love and loyalty are more important than class and wealth. In the last chapters of the book the themes of family, honesty, hard work and self-improvement are emphasized by his mi gration to Cairo, where he makes a life for himself through hard work and finally his reunion with Joe and Biddy. At the opening of Mister Pip Mantilla is an innocent thirteen-year-old and, like Pip she is content with her simple island life. When the blockade is imposed, the school reopens with Mr. Watts as the teacher and Mantilla makes her first physical migration, to school. Mantilla going to school is the major event that begins all her cognitive migrations. At school Mr. Watts introduces the children to Mr. Dickens and reads them Great Expectations, the story that immediately enthrall Mantilla. Mr. Watts had given us kids another world to spend the night in. We could escape to another place. It didnt matter that it was Victorian England. We found we could Just as easily get there. Pip becomes a friend for Mantilla and the world of the book offers an escape from her difficult life during the war. Gradually, the world of Great Expectations begins to feel more relevant to Mantilla Han the island traditions, family trees and Christian beliefs her mother drums into her. This is her cognitive migration, when her attitudes and values begin to be taken from the characters and situations of Great Expectations. Through Pip, Mantilla gains new outlooks on her own circumstances: Now that I had met Miss Having and knew more about her unhappy past, I had changed my mind about my mum being like Pips sister. She had more in common with Miss Having- Miss Having who cannot move on from the day of her greatest disappointment. This shows that Mantilla has been able to understand her mothers feelings a little better through Great Expectations. As ten novel continues Mahatma Deigns to emulate away Trot near mother Ana near mothers views similar to when Pip migrates away from Joe and his values. L knew that orphaned white kid and that small, fragile place he squeezed into between his awful sister and lovable Joe Gagger because the same space came to exist between Mr. Watts and my mum. And I knew I would have to choose between the two. Mantilla knows she will have to choose which values she will adopt in her own life: her mothers or Mr. Watts. In this way Mister Pip is different to Great Expectations a s it presents the themes of religion and imagination through Mantillas role models rather than honesty, hard work and family. Eventually after Mantilla has migrated to Australia, New Zealand and England and reached adulthood, you can see that she has chosen features of both her mother and Mr. Watts values Oust as Mr. and Mrs. Watts decorated their daughters spare room with aspects of both cultures in order for her to choose for herself) and forged her own identity in her final cognitive migration. Therefore at the end of Mister Pip, the reader is positioned to endorse the homes of religion and imagination as they are both presented in a positive light, and Mantilla demonstrates that they can coexist. In both novels the protagonists go through many physical and mental migrations. Both begin in a place where they are satisfied, before they are given a taste of another world, which initiates their cognitive migrations until they reach mental and physical contentment. These characters migrations present the themes of family, honesty, hard work, imagination and religion to the reader, as these are the values the characters finally value and adopt for themselves.

AS Unit F911- Communication in care settings Coursework - 2

AS Unit F911- Communication in care settings - Coursework Example In elderly healthcare facilities, this idea of interpersonal communication is especially important. Many people who work in nursing homes have had experience or taken courses in the field of gerontology, which is the study of the process of aging from a psychological, biological, and social perspective. In the case of an elderly woman who has become reserved with a resulting change in eating behavior, there may be more than a few dynamic forces at play, which have to be considered when discussing the problem on a personal level. Vital communication means being able to understand the individual’s needs, form a relationship with the client and showing respect for the individual (Windsor, & Moonie, 2000). The first important part in ensuring proper communication is the setting that is chosen. The environment in which to conduct effective communication, especially in the case of the elderly, means creating an environment in which they feel comfortable. In this case, for a one on o ne approach, the room of the person would be the most effective place to effectively communicate. This is because it will allow the person to feel like they are on â€Å"home turf†. This is because in unfamiliar locations and interacting with people they are not typically close in can hinder communication efforts (Russell, 2005). In addition, it is a room that can be closed off from the rest of the public. This gives the person the additional privacy that they need. By taking these measures, the person is more likely to open up as they build a relationship with the health care professional. Communication is a two-way approach, which involves interaction with the health care worker and the client (Russell, 2005). The first thing I would focus on is breaking the ice by asking questions about her personally. I would not attack the issue directly due to the fact that it might cause anxiety in which would lead to her defense mechanisms kicking in. By asking broad questions at firs t, I can get a better idea as to what kind of questions need to be asked to get to the issue. Once the relationship has been established and the conversation has been going on, I would start off with telling her that I have noticed some changes in behavior and ask if anything is wrong. This allows her to open her consciousness and tell me whatever she feels comfortable in telling. It is important to not try and force the information out as it might be a sensitive issue and the last thing that needs to happen is to cause further anxiety. Information from the session does not need to be all-verbal. The way in which she answers the question and nonverbal cues such as posture, eye movement, etc. all give glimpses into what she is actually thinking. After getting the required information, the biggest part is making sure to show empathy and to offer assistance in the situation. By showing care and compassion, it gives her someone to look to for assistance having spent the time to communic ate effectively, build the relationship, and figure out what the problem is. In the case of devising a checklist, I would definitely first look at the DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, in order to see if this is a psychological related problem. The DSM gives criteria for all known mental disorders as well as assessment scales. Based on the removal of her from daily activities, isolation, and change in eating habits, it